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After the conus medullaris (near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower), the spinal canal contains a bundle of nerve fibers (the cauda equina or "horse-tail") that branches off the lower end of the spinal cord and contains the nerve roots from L1–L5 and S1–S5. The nerve roots from L4–S4 join in the sacral plexus ...
TENS can be used by direct application of electrodes to the perineum, on the penis, over the roots of the sacral nerves, or along the path of the tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3). [15] Electrodes come in different forms: adhesive patches to be placed on the skin, circular penile electrodes, [15] vaginal electrodes or anal electrodes.
It is part of the lumbosacral plexus and emerges from the lumbar vertebrae and sacral vertebrae (L4-S4). [1] A sacral plexopathy is a disorder affecting the nerves of the sacral plexus, usually caused by trauma, nerve compression, vascular disease, or infection. Symptoms may include pain, loss of motor control, and sensory deficits.
The sciatic nerve comprises nerve roots L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3 in the spine. [26] These nerve roots merge in the pelvic cavity to form the sacral plexus and the sciatic nerve branches from that. Sciatica symptoms can occur when there is pathology anywhere along the course of these nerves. [27]
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is an outcome of either extra-articular dysfunction or from intraarticular dysfunction. SI joint dysfunction is sometimes referred to as "sacroiliac joint instability" or "sacroiliac joint insufficiency" due to the support the once strong and taut ligaments can no longer sustain.
L5 – On the dorsum of the foot at the third metatarsophalangeal joint. S1 – On the lateral aspect of the calcaneus. S2 – At the midpoint of the popliteal fossa. S3 – Over the tuberosity of the ischium or intragluteal fold; S4 and S5 – In the perianal area, less than one cm lateral to the mucocutaneous zone
Tarlov cysts, are type II innervated meningeal cysts, cerebrospinal-fluid-filled (CSF) sacs most frequently located in the spinal canal of the sacral region of the spinal cord (S1–S5) and much less often in the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine. They can be distinguished from other meningeal cysts by their nerve-fiber-filled walls.
Lumbar disc herniations occur in the back, most often between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies or between the fifth and the sacrum. Here, symptoms can be felt in the lower back, buttocks, thigh, anal/genital region (via the perineal nerve), and may radiate into the foot and/or toe.