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Temporal representation of hindcasting. [4]In oceanography [5] and meteorology, [6] backtesting is also known as hindcasting: a hindcast is a way of testing a mathematical model; researchers enter known or closely estimated inputs for past events into the model to see how well the output matches the known results.
Data collection and validation consist of four steps when it involves taking a census and seven steps when it involves sampling. [3] A formal data collection process is necessary, as it ensures that the data gathered are both defined and accurate. This way, subsequent decisions based on arguments embodied in the findings are made using valid ...
Overabundance of already collected data became an issue only in the "Big Data" era, and the reasons to use undersampling are mainly practical and related to resource costs. Specifically, while one needs a suitably large sample size to draw valid statistical conclusions, the data must be cleaned before it can be used. Cleansing typically ...
In bootstrap-resamples, the 'population' is in fact the sample, and this is known; hence the quality of inference of the 'true' sample from resampled data (resampled → sample) is measurable. More formally, the bootstrap works by treating inference of the true probability distribution J , given the original data, as being analogous to an ...
Tukey defined data analysis in 1961 as: "Procedures for analyzing data, techniques for interpreting the results of such procedures, ways of planning the gathering of data to make its analysis easier, more precise or more accurate, and all the machinery and results of (mathematical) statistics which apply to analyzing data."
With the application of probability sampling in the 1930s, surveys became a standard tool for empirical research in social sciences, marketing, and official statistics. [1] The methods involved in survey data collection are any of a number of ways in which data can be collected for a statistical survey. These are methods that are used to ...
Henry Scheffé's simultaneous test of all contrasts in multiple comparison problems is the most [citation needed] well-known remedy in the case of analysis of variance. [1] It is a method designed for testing hypotheses suggested by the data while avoiding the fallacy described above.
This is a list of statistical procedures which can be used for the analysis of categorical data, also known as data on the nominal scale and as categorical variables. General tests [ edit ]
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