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It is suggested that around two-thirds of bacterial infections in humans involve biofilms. [50] [129] Infections associated with the biofilm growth usually are challenging to eradicate. [130] This is mostly due to the fact that mature biofilms display antimicrobial tolerance, and immune response evasions.
Because biofilms protect the bacteria, they are often more resistant to traditional antimicrobial treatments, making them a serious health risk. [1] For example, there are more than one million cases of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) reported each year, many of which can be attributed to bacterial biofilms. [2]
Infections can be localized or systemic, and are often associated with the insertion of medical devices. [6] [7] [8] The highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype and ability to form biofilms make S. haemolyticus a difficult pathogen to treat. [5] Its most closely related species is Staphylococcus borealis. [9]
It allows other bacteria to bind to the already existing biofilm, creating a multilayer biofilm. Such biofilms decrease the metabolic activity of bacteria within them. This decreased metabolism, in combination with impaired diffusion of antibiotics, makes it difficult for antibiotics to effectively clear this type of infection. [5]
Biofilms serve to protect these bacteria from adverse environmental factors, including host immune system components in addition to antibiotics. P. aeruginosa can cause nosocomial infections and is considered a model organism for the study of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on medical implants, and the repressor of toxins is part of the infection pathway. [30] Staphylococcus aureus can lie dormant in the body for years undetected. Once symptoms begin to show, the host is contagious for another two weeks, and the overall illness lasts a few ...
The usual active lifestyle can change and the bacteria can remain in intracellular vacuoles entering into a slow non-growing state of persistence thus promoting their survival from antibiotics. [12] Fungal persister cells are a common cause of recurring infections due to Candida albicans a common biofilm infection of implants. [5]
The ability of E. faecalis to form biofilms contributes to its capacity to survive in extreme environments, and facilitates its involvement in persistent bacterial infection, particularly in the case of multi-drug resistant strains. [27]
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