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Mechanical ventilation is often a life-saving intervention, but carries potential complications. A common complication of positive pressure ventilation stemming directly from the ventilator settings include volutrauma and barotrauma. [11] [12] Others include pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumoperitoneum.
It is generally regarded, based on animal models and human studies, that volutrauma is the most harmful aspect of mechanical ventilation. [2] [3] [4] This may be regarded as the over-stretching of the airways and alveoli. [citation needed] During mechanical ventilation, the flow of gas into the lung will take the path of least resistance.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of lung infection that occurs in people who are on mechanical ventilation breathing machines in hospitals. As such, VAP typically affects critically ill persons that are in an intensive care unit (ICU) and have been on a mechanical ventilator for at least 48 hours.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is usually treated with mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Mechanical ventilation is usually delivered through a rigid tube which enters the oral cavity and is secured in the airway (endotracheal intubation), or by tracheostomy when prolonged
Sepsis is a potential complication of pneumonia but usually occurs in people with poor immunity or hyposplenism. The organisms most commonly involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Other causes of the symptoms should be considered such as a myocardial infarction or a pulmonary embolism. [142]
Respiratory failure requiring emergency mechanical ventilation occurs in over 40,000 patients per year in the United States. [2] In postoperative patients in the United States, the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program reports that 1.03% of all surgical patients require an unplanned intubation postoperatively. [3]
Applied PEEP is usually one of the first ventilator settings chosen when mechanical ventilation is initiated. It is set directly on the ventilator. A small amount of applied PEEP (4 to 5 cmH 2 O) is used in most mechanically ventilated patients to mitigate end-expiratory alveolar collapse. [6]
Modes of mechanical ventilation are one of the most important aspects of the usage of mechanical ventilation.The mode refers to the method of inspiratory support. In general, mode selection is based on clinician familiarity and institutional preferences, since there is a paucity of evidence indicating that the mode affects clinical outcome.