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In European Union law, direct effect is the principle that Union law may, if appropriately framed, confer rights on individuals which not only the courts but also the public administration (on national, regional or local level) of member states of the European Union are bound to recognise and enforce.
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European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union (EU). Since the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community following World War II, the EU has developed the aim to "promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples". [ 4 ]
This list of European Union Directives is ordered by theme to follow EU law. For a date based list, see the Category:European Union directives by number . From 1 January 1992 to 31 December 2014, numbers assigned by the General Secretariat of the Council followed adoption, for instance: Directive 2010/75/EU. [ 1 ]
Therefore, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law, codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of European Union law. [13] In effect, after the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter and the convention now co-exist under European Union law, though ...
The citizens of the member states of the European Economic Area (which includes the EU) have the same right of freedom of movement in the EEA as EU citizens do within the Union. [25] Additionally, the European Union, its member states, and Switzerland have concluded a multilateral agreement with the same meaning. [26]
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The Court of Justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment, [30] so article 49 has both "vertical" and "horizontal" direct effect. In Reyners v Belgium [ 31 ] the Court of Justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the Belgian bar because he lacked Belgian nationality was ...