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Cellulitis is usually [9] a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin. [1] It specifically affects the dermis and subcutaneous fat. [1] Signs and symptoms include an area of redness which increases in size over a few days. [1] The borders of the area of redness are generally not sharp and the skin may be swollen. [1]
Patients present with an acute onset of swelling, pain, erythema, prominent tenderness, warmness and limited range of motion in both ankles. [1] [2] Lower legs and heels may also be involved, however the distal parts of feet and toes are usually spared. Patients may also experience high-graded fever, pitting edema and hypotension.
Further, cellulitis can be classified based into purulent and non-purulent cellulitis, based on the most likely causative agent and the symptoms presentation. [8] Purulent cellulitis is often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
Infection may vary in the depth of tissue to which it extends. Foot infections range from the most superficial, cellulitis, to deeper soft tissue necrotizing fasciitis, which may necessitate limb amputations or become life-threatening. [9] [10] [11] Infections may also extend to bone, termed osteomyelitis.
Erysipelas (/ ˌ ɛ r ə ˈ s ɪ p ə l ə s /) is a relatively common bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the skin (upper dermis), extending to the superficial lymphatic vessels within the skin, characterized by a raised, well-defined, tender, bright red rash, typically on the face or legs, but which can occur anywhere on the skin.
Stasis dermatitis is diagnosed clinically by assessing the appearance of red plaques on the lower legs and the inner side of the ankle. Stasis dermatitis can resemble a number of other conditions, such as cellulitis and contact dermatitis, and at times needs the use of a duplex ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis or if clinical diagnosis alone is not sufficient.
Eosinophilic cellulitis, also known as Wells' syndrome (not to be confused with Weil's disease), is a skin disease that presents with painful, red, raised, and warm patches of skin. [2] The rash comes on suddenly, lasts for a few weeks, and often repeatedly comes back. [ 2 ]
The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. [10] The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone. [ 10 ]