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A superabsorbent polymer (SAP) (also called slush powder) is a water-absorbing hydrophilic homopolymers or copolymers [1] that can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to its own mass. [2] Water-absorbing polymers, which are classified as hydrogels when mixed, [3] absorb aqueous solutions through hydrogen bonding with ...
Liquid nitrogen. Liquefaction of gases is physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation). The liquefaction of gases is a complicated process that uses various compressions and expansions to achieve high pressures and very low temperatures, using, for example, turboexpanders.
A small amount of superabsorbent polymer material is taken (0.1g) and it is placed in the beaker. 100 ml of deionized water is poured into the beaker. After 20 min the swollen polymer was separated by using [filter paper] By weighing the polymer, one can find the swollen capacity of the SAP material. [3]
As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction of air to allow separation of the constituents, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases." [4] Another is the conversion of solid coal into a liquid form usable as a substitute for liquid fuels. [5]
Super-absorbent polymers (SAP) similar to sodium polyacrylate were developed in the 1960s by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. [3] Before the development of these substances, the best water absorbing materials were cellulosic or fiber-based like tissue paper, sponge, cotton, or fluff pulp.
Another application of polymer solutions includes the manufacture of fibers by wet or dry spinning or plastic films. Disadvantages of solution polymerization are decrease of monomer and initiator concentration leading to reduction of reaction rate, lower volume utilization of reactor, additional cost of the process related to solvent recycling ...
Complex fluids are mixtures that have a coexistence between two phases: solid–liquid (suspensions or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas , liquid–gas or liquid–liquid . They exhibit unusual mechanical responses to applied stress or strain due to the geometrical constraints that the phase coexistence imposes.
The liquid molecules are more attracted to other liquid molecules as compared to the polymer surface. Because the polymer surfaces are solid surfaces, surface tension cannot be measured in a traditional way such as using a Wilhelmy plate. Instead, contact angles can be used to indirectly estimate the surface tension of polymer surfaces. [3]
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