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Pendulum clock driven by three weights as "gravity battery". An old and simple application is the pendulum clock driven by a weight, which at 1 kg and 1 m travel can store nearly 10 Newton-meter [Nm], Joule [J] or Watt-second [Ws], thus 1/3600 of a Watt-hour [Wh], while a typical Lithium-ion battery 18650 cell [2] can hold about 7 Wh, thus 2500 times more at 1/20 of the weight.
The specific gravity of the electrolyte does not indicate if the battery is discharged or fully charged but changes mainly with evaporation of water. The top of the cell contains a space for excess electrolyte and a pressure release vent.
battery, Zinc–Bromine flow (ZnBr) [30] 0.27: battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), High-Power design as used in cars [31] 0.250: 0.493: battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd) [23] 0.14: 1.08: 80% [26] battery, Zinc–Carbon [23] 0.13: 0.331: battery, Lead–acid [23] 0.14: 0.36: battery, Vanadium redox: 0.09 [citation needed] 0.1188: 70-75% ...
Specific power Cost ... Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery: 500–1,500 [13] Lithium cobalt oxide: 90 500–1,000 Lithium–titanate: 85–90
Specific energy Energy density (W⋅h/L) Comment Zinc-air battery: 1.59 [48] 6.02 441.7 1 672.2: controlled electric discharge Lithium air battery (rechargeable) 9.0 [49] 2,500.0 controlled electric discharge Sodium sulfur battery: 0.54–0.86 150–240 Lithium metal battery: 1.8 4.32 500 1200: controlled electric discharge Lithium-ion battery
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls of differing density. When used in diesel–electric submarines, the specific gravity was regularly measured and written on a blackboard in the control room to indicate how much longer the boat could remain submerged. [14]
A United States Navy Aviation boatswain's mate tests the specific gravity of JP-5 fuel. Relative density, also called specific gravity, [1] [2] is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.
The electrolyte mixture of potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide is not consumed in charging or discharging, so unlike a lead-acid battery the electrolyte specific gravity does not indicate state of charge. [7] The voltage required to charge the NiFe battery is equal to or greater than 1.6 volts per cell. [18]