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The title "pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BCE. However, the specific title was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty, c. 1400 BCE.
Lists of rulers of Egypt: List of pharaohs (c. 3100 BC – 30 BC) List of Satraps of the 27th Dynasty (525–404 BC) List of Satraps of the 31st Dynasty (343–332 BC) List of governors of Roman Egypt (30 BC – 639 AD) List of rulers of Islamic Egypt (640–1517) List of Rashidun emirs (640–658) List of Umayyad wali (659–750)
Pharaoh (/ ˈ f ɛər oʊ /, US also / ˈ f eɪ. r oʊ /; [4] Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; [note 1] Coptic: ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ, romanized: Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: פַּרְעֹה Parʿō) [5] is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE. [6]
Unlike most Queens of this period, she was not made co-ruler due to the influence of her mother Cleopatra III. After Ptolemy IX was driven out of Egypt by his mother in 107 BC, Cleopatra Selene married her brother Ptolemy X. In 102 BC, she was forced by her mother to divorce Ptolemy X and marry Antiochus VIII of the Seleucid Empire to seal an ...
The mother of the heir to the throne was not always the Great Royal Wife, but once a pharaoh was crowned, it was possible to grant the mother of the king the title of Great Royal Wife, along with other titles. Examples include Iset, the mother of Thutmose III, [4] Tiaa, the mother of Thutmose IV [2] and Mutemwia, the mother of Amenhotep III. [5]
The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) [1] covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, by Menes, or Narmer, [2] and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, when power was centered at Thinis.
Whilst Nekhbet (Egypt. Nekhebety; "she from Nekheb") was the "mistress of Upper Egypt", her pendant Wadjet (Egypt. Wadyt; "she who thrives" or simply "lady of the green") was the "mistress of Lower Egypt". Nekhbet was worshipped as the "celestial mother of a king", which is expressed in the Ancient Egyptian queen title Mwt-niswt ("mother of the ...
The Nebty name was the second part of the royal titular [4] [3] of Upper and Lower Egypt. [2] This name placed the king under the protection of two female deities, Nekhbet and Wadjet [4] and began sometime towards the end of the First Dynasty as a reference to "The one who belongs to Upper and Lower Egypt", along with mention of the Two Ladies. [2]