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Another type of normalization is based on a measure of loudness, wherein the gain is changed to bring the average loudness to a target level. This average may be approximate, such as a simple measurement of average power (e.g. RMS), or more accurate, such as a measure that addresses human perception e.g. that defined by EBU R128 and offered by ReplayGain, Sound Check and GoldWave.
The sound level generated is 94 dB, which corresponds to a root-mean-square sound pressure of 1 pascal and is at a frequency of 1 kHz where all the frequency weightings have the same sensitivity. For a complete sound level meter check, periodic testing outlined in IEC61672.3-2013 should be carried out.
In fluid dynamics, normalized root mean square deviation (NRMSD), coefficient of variation (CV), and percent RMS are used to quantify the uniformity of flow behavior such as velocity profile, temperature distribution, or gas species concentration. The value is compared to industry standards to optimize the design of flow and thermal equipment ...
RMS normalization is more accurate but does not take into account psychoacoustic aspects of loudness perception. With dynamic range compression, volume may be altered on the fly on playback producing a variable-gain normalization, as opposed to the constant gain as rendered by ReplayGain. While dynamic range compression is beneficial in keeping ...
Contemporary electronic RMS detectors had "normal", linear outputs, and were built exactly following the definition of RMS. The detector would compute square of the input signal, time-average the square using a low-pass filter or an integrator, and then compute square root of that average to produce linear, not logarithmic, output.
The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean (denoted ), [2] [3] a special case of the generalized mean. The RMS of a continuous function is denoted f R M S {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {RMS} }} and can be defined in terms of an integral of the square of the function.
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where V n is the RMS value of the nth harmonic voltage, and V 1 is the RMS value of the fundamental component. In practice, the THD F is commonly used in audio distortion specifications (percentage THD); however, THD is a non-standardized specification, and the results between manufacturers are not easily comparable. Since individual harmonic ...