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2. Catalytic converter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter

   A three-way catalytic converter on a gasoline-powered 1996 Dodge Ram Simulation of flow inside a catalytic converter. A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction.

3. Palladium - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium

   Palladium prices – US dollars per troy ounce. Global palladium sales were 8.84 million troy ounces (275 t) in 2017, [96] of which 86% was used in the manufacturing of automotive catalytic converters, followed by industrial, jewelry, and investment usages. [97] More than 75% of global platinum and 40% of palladium are mined in South Africa.

4. Rhodium - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodium

   The primary use of this element is in automobiles as a catalytic converter, changing harmful unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxide exhaust emissions into less noxious gases. Of 30,000 kg of rhodium consumed worldwide in 2012, 81% (24,300 kg) went into this application, and 8,060 kg was recovered from old converters.

5. Monolith (catalyst support) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolith_(catalyst_support)

   Monolithic catalyst supports are extruded structures that are the core of many catalytic converters, [1] most diesel particulate filters, and some catalytic reactors. Most catalytic converters are used for vehicle emissions control. Stationary catalytic converters can reduce air pollution from fossil fuel power stations.

6. Exhaust system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_system

   It is a U.S. legal requirement to have a catalytic converter. [3] [4] Converters may not be removed from a vehicle that is used only for "off-road" driving in the United States. [5] The main purpose of a catalytic converter on an automobile is to reduce harmful emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

7. Engelhard - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelhard

   Catalytic-converter-equipped vehicles have helped cut other air pollutants by more than 3 billion tons worldwide between 1975 and 2000; of this 1.5 billion short tons was in the United States. Automobiles meet emission standards that required reductions of up to 98+ percent for HC, 96 percent for CO, and 95 percent for NOx compared to the ...