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A graben is a section of crust that has lowered relative to the blocks on either side, which is a result of its bounding faults dipping towards each other. [2] The plural of graben can be either graben or grabens. Graben form low-lying features such as basins and rift valleys. [1] [2] They can be very long relative to their width.
Graben often occur side by side with horsts. Horst and graben structures indicate tensional forces and crustal stretching. Graben are produced from parallel normal faults, where the displacement of the hanging wall is downward, while that of the footwall is upward. The faults typically dip toward the center of the graben from both sides.
With crustal extension, a series of normal faults which occur in groups, form in close proximity and dipping in opposite directions. [4] As the crust extends it fractures in series of fault planes, some blocks sink down due to gravity, creating long linear valleys or basins also known as grabens, while the blocks remaining up or uplifted produce mountains or ranges, also known as horsts.
In physical geography and geology, a horst is a raised fault block bounded by normal faults. [1] Horsts are typically found together with grabens. While a horst is lifted or remains stationary, the grabens on either side subside. [2] This is often caused by extensional forces pulling apart the crust.
Later, an apparent reversal in the polarity of tectonic subduction at the Laurentia-Taconic boundary caused the entire horst-graben structure to invert - the formerly deep graben between the two Tanglewood horsts was raised, while the two horsts subsided, causing the area of deposition of the Tanglewood member to shift to the area previously ...
The geology of Kentucky formed beginning more than one billion years ago, in the Proterozoic eon of the Precambrian. The oldest igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock is part of the Grenville Province, a small continent that collided with the early North American continent.
Lambert Graben; Lead (geology) Leaky transform fault; Lineament; Lineation (geology) List of geological faults of England; List of geological faults of Ireland; List of geological faults of Northern Ireland; List of geological faults of Scotland; List of geological faults of Wales; List of shear zones of Great Britain; London–Brabant Massif
Lifted type block mountains have two steep sides exposing both sides scarps, leading to the horst and graben terrain seen in various parts of Europe including the Upper Rhine valley, a graben between two horsts – the Vosges mountains (in France) and the Black Forest (in Germany), and also the Rila – Rhodope Massif in Bulgaria, Southeast ...