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Galactose (/ ɡ ə ˈ l æ k t oʊ s /, galacto-+ -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 65% as sweet as sucrose. [2] It is an aldohexose and a C-4 epimer of glucose. [3] A galactose molecule linked with a glucose molecule forms a lactose molecule.
Intermediates and enzymes in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism [5] In the first step, galactose mutarotase facilitates the conversion of β-D-galactose to α-D-galactose since this is the active form in the pathway. Next, α-D-galactose is phosphorylated by galactokinase to galactose 1-phosphate.
The glycogen in the liver can function as a backup source of glucose between meals. [2] Liver glycogen mainly serves the central nervous system. Adrenaline stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the skeletal muscle during exercise. [12] In the muscles, glycogen ensures a rapidly accessible energy source for movement. [2]
Lactose is a disaccharide sugar composed of galactose and glucose that is found in milk. Lactose can not be absorbed by the intestine and needs to be split in the small intestine into galactose and glucose by the enzyme called lactase; unabsorbed lactose can cause abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. [citation needed]
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase Is the most problematic, as galactose-free diets are not effective in treating neurocognitive deficiencies (in particular language disorders such as verbal dyspraxia) and ovarian failure.
Galactokinase is an enzyme (phosphotransferase) that facilitates the phosphorylation of α-D-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate at the expense of one molecule of ATP. [1] Galactokinase catalyzes the second step of the Leloir pathway , a metabolic pathway found in most organisms for the catabolism of α-D-galactose to glucose 1-phosphate . [ 2 ]
In humans it is the terminal carbohydrate forming the antigen of blood group A. [1]. It is typically the first monosaccharide that connects serine or threonine in particular forms of protein O-glycosylation.
It is an essential enzyme in the human body. Deficiencies in the protein can result in galactosialidosis or Morquio B syndrome . In E. coli , the lacZ gene is the structural gene for β-galactosidase; which is present as part of the inducible system lac operon which is activated in the presence of lactose when glucose level is low. β ...