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Engine torque must be greater than or equal to 30% of maximum torque. Engine power must be greater than or equal to 30% of maximum power. Vehicle altitude must be less than or equal to 5,500 feet (1,700 m). Ambient temperature must be less than or equal to 100 °F (38 °C) at sea level to 86 °F at 5,500 feet (1,700 m).
Some have alleged that departures in normality in the process output significantly reduce the effectiveness of the charts to the point where it may require control limits to be set based on percentiles of the empirically-determined distribution of the process output [2]: 237 although this assertion has been consistently refuted. See Footnote 6.
1952 Shell Oil film showing the development of the diesel engine from 1877. The diesel engine, named after the German engineer Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is called a compression-ignition engine (CI engine).
All 125 examples of this model are owned by the Norfolk Southern Railway. The C40-9 is the only model in the Dash 9 Series to feature the standard cab design. All were built with rooftop-mounted air conditioners which gives them a rather unusual and distinctive look - and were quickly coined "top hats" by the railfan community.
This was the first model of any locomotive series to be fitted with microprocessor-equipped engine control units. A total of 581 examples of the model were manufactured between 1987 and 1992. The C40-8 has a traditional narrow short hood, but otherwise its external appearance is almost the same as that of the later Dash 8-40CW model.
All models of the Dash 7 Series are powered by a 12-cylinder or 16-cylinder, turbocharged, GE 7FDL 4-stroke diesel engine carried over from the Universal Series, and have speed-based adhesion control with a multi-channel LED annunciator panel. Dash 7 Series traction motors are powered by direct current.
Hiereth et al. [48] show operating lines for various applications such as a full-load operating line for a passenger car engine, the effect of an uncontrolled turbocharger on a truck diesel engine and wastegate control on passenger diesel and gasoline engines, and the effect of altitude on a compressor operating line.
The Detroit Diesel Series 53 is a two-stroke diesel engine series, available in both inline and V configurations, manufactured by Detroit Diesel as a more compact alternative to the older Series 71 for medium and heavy duty trucks. The number 53 refers to the nominal swept displacement per cylinder in cubic inches.