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Sensitive But Unclassified (SBU) is a designation of information in the United States federal government that, though unclassified, often requires strict controls over its distribution.
In Denmark, scientific misconduct is defined as "intention[al] negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist", and in Sweden as "intention[al] distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or ...
On the scientific side, a poll of 3,247 scientists funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health found 0.3% admitted faking data and 1.4% admitted plagiarism. [214] Additionally, 4.7% of the same poll admitted to self-plagiarism or autoplagiarism, in which an author republishes the same material, data, or text, without citing their earlier work.
Citation-based plagiarism detection (CbPD) [26] relies on citation analysis, and is the only approach to plagiarism detection that does not rely on the textual similarity. [27] CbPD examines the citation and reference information in texts to identify similar patterns in the citation sequences. As such, this approach is suitable for scientific ...
The authors of a 2019 systematic literature review on academic plagiarism detection [65] derived a four-leven typology of academic plagiarism, from the total words of a language , from its syntax, from its semantics, and from methods to capture plagiarism of ideas and structures. The typology categorizes plagiarism forms according to the layer ...
The above example is the most egregious form of plagiarism and the least likely to be accidental. N Copying from a source acknowledged in a poorly placed citation Inserting a text— copied word-for-word, or closely paraphrased with very few changes—then citing the source somewhere in the article, but not directly after the sentence or ...
However, there have been a number of occasions when persons have failed to give the necessary attribution and attempted to pass off material from Wikipedia as their own work. Such plagiarism is a violation of the Creative Commons license and, when discovered, can be a reason for embarrassment, professional sanctions, or legal issues.
The Department of Computer Science at Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, New York, United States, was established in 1969. The department completed the NSF-funded Reality Deck project, a 1.5 billion pixel immersive display which is the largest resolution immersive display ever built.