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[3] [5] In reaction to the loss of cartilage, the bones thicken at the joint surface, resulting in subchondral sclerosis. Also, bony outgrowths, called osteophytes (also known as “bone spurs”), are formed at the joint margins. [6]
The subchondral bone volume increases and becomes less mineralized (hypo mineralization). [47] All these changes can cause problems functioning. The pain in an osteoarthritic joint has been related to thickened synovium [48] and to subchondral bone lesions. [49]
In the temporomandibular joint, subchondral sclerosis of the mandibular condyle has been described as an early change, condylar flattening as a feature of progressive osteoarthritis, and narrowing of the temporomandibular joint space as a late stage change. [14] A joint space of between 1.5 and 4 mm is regarded as normal. [15] Ankle osteoarthritis.
Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone.
In a tibial plateau fracture, any disruption of the posterior and anterior cortical rims of the plateau should be sought. Impaction of subchondral bone will appear as an increased sclerosis of the subchondral bone (Figure 1). In the hip, posterior acetabular fractures also present subtle radiographic findings.
Eburnation is a degenerative process of bone commonly found in patients with osteoarthritis or non-union of fractures.Friction in the joint causes the reactive conversion of the sub-chondral bone to an ivory-like surface at the site of the cartilage erosion. [1]
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD or OD) is a joint disorder primarily of the subchondral bone in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. [1] OCD usually causes pain during and after sports. In later stages of the disorder there will be swelling of the affected joint that catches and locks during movement.
It appears as a curved subchondral radiolucent line that is often found on the proximal femoral or humeral head. [1] Usually, this sign indicates a high likelihood of collapse of the affected bone. [1] The crescent sign may be best seen in an abducted (frog-legged) position. [1] [4]