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  2. Geopotential spherical harmonic model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopotential_spherical...

    For example, at a radius of 6600 km (about 200 km above Earth's surface) J 3 /(J 2 r) is about 0.002; i.e., the correction to the "J 2 force" from the "J 3 term" is in the order of 2 permille. The negative value of J 3 implies that for a point mass in Earth's equatorial plane the gravitational force is tilted slightly towards the south due to ...

  3. Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheyev–Smirnov...

    In the case of normal neutrino mass hierarchy, and ,, transitions occurred inside the star, then and oscillated inside the Earth. Due to the differences in the distance traveled by neutrinos to Kamiokande, IMB and Baksan within the Earth, the MSW effect can partially explain the difference of the Kamiokande and IMB energy spectrum of events.

  4. List of equations in wave theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equations_in_wave...

    Position of a point in space, not necessarily a point on the wave profile or any line of propagation d, r: m [L] Wave profile displacement Along propagation direction, distance travelled (path length) by one wave from the source point r 0 to any point in space d (for longitudinal or transverse waves) L, d, r

  5. Love number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_number

    The Love number l represents the ratio of the horizontal (transverse) displacement of an element of mass of the planet's crust to that of the corresponding static ocean tide. [3] In potential notation the transverse displacement is l ∇ ( V ( θ , ϕ ) ) / g {\displaystyle l\nabla (V(\theta ,\phi ))/g} , where ∇ {\displaystyle \nabla } is ...

  6. Scattering amplitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_amplitude

    In quantum physics, the scattering amplitude is the probability amplitude of the outgoing spherical wave relative to the incoming plane wave in a stationary-state scattering process. [1] At large distances from the centrally symmetric scattering center, the plane wave is described by the wavefunction [ 2 ]

  7. Schwarzschild geodesics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_geodesics

    The basic idea is that, due to gravitational slowing of time, parts of a wave-front closer to a gravitating mass move more slowly than those further away, thus bending the direction of the wave-front's propagation. Using general covariance, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation for a single particle of unit mass can be expressed in arbitrary ...

  8. Schwarzschild metric - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric

    In Einstein's theory of general relativity, the Schwarzschild metric (also known as the Schwarzschild solution) is an exact solution to the Einstein field equations that describes the gravitational field outside a spherical mass, on the assumption that the electric charge of the mass, angular momentum of the mass, and universal cosmological constant are all zero.

  9. Seismic anisotropy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_anisotropy

    The favored methods for detecting seismic anisotropy are shear wave splitting, seismic tomography of surface waves and body waves, and converted-wave scattering in the context of a receiver function. In shear-wave splitting, the S wave splits into two orthogonal polarizations, corresponding to the fastest and slowest wavespeeds in that medium ...