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  2. Near-infrared spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy

    Near-infrared spectroscopy is used in astronomy for studying the atmospheres of cool stars where molecules can form. The vibrational and rotational signatures of molecules such as titanium oxide, cyanide, and carbon monoxide can be seen in this wavelength range and can give a clue towards the star's spectral type .

  3. Arrhenius equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius_equation

    In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and ...

  4. Inversion temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_temperature

    This temperature change is known as the Joule–Thomson effect, and is exploited in the liquefaction of gases. Inversion temperature depends on the nature of the gas. For a van der Waals gas we can calculate the enthalpy using statistical mechanics as

  5. Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index_and...

    The n(λ) and k(λ) spectra of each film are obtained along with film thickness, over a wide range of wavelengths from deep ultraviolet to near infrared wavelengths (190–1000 nm). In the following examples, the notation for theoretical and measured reflectance in the spectral plots is expressed as "R-theor" and "R-meas", respectively.

  6. Total air temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_air_temperature

    In aviation, stagnation temperature is known as total air temperature and is measured by a temperature probe mounted on the surface of the aircraft. The probe is designed to bring the air to rest relative to the aircraft. As the air is brought to rest, kinetic energy is converted to internal energy.

  7. Schwarzschild's equation for radiative transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild's_equation...

    B λ (T) is the Planck function for temperature T and wavelength λ (units: power/area/solid angle/wavelength - e.g. watts/cm 2 /sr/cm) I λ is the spectral intensity of the radiation entering the increment ds with the same units as B λ (T) This equation and various equivalent expressions are known as Schwarzschild's equation.

  8. Photosynthetically active radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetically_active...

    For example, a light source of 1000 lm at a color temperature of 5800 K would emit approximately 1000/265 = 3.8 W of PAR, which is equivalent to 3.8 × 4.56 = 17.3 μmol/s. For a black-body light source at 5800 K, such as the sun is approximately, a fraction 0.368 of its total emitted radiation is emitted as PAR.

  9. Near-infrared window in biological tissue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared_window_in...

    The near-infrared (NIR) window (also known as optical window or therapeutic window) defines the range of wavelengths from 650 to 1350 nanometre (nm) where light has its maximum depth of penetration in tissue. [1] Within the NIR window, scattering is the most dominant light-tissue interaction, and therefore the propagating light becomes diffused ...

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