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Load balancing, load matching, or daily peak demand reserve refers to the use of various techniques by electrical power stations to store excess electrical power during low demand periods for release as demand rises. [1] The aim is for the power supply system to have a load factor of 1.
Since electrical energy is a form of energy that cannot be effectively stored in bulk, it must be generated, distributed, and consumed immediately. When the load on a system approaches the maximum generating capacity, network operators must either find additional supplies of energy or find ways to curtail the load, hence load management.
Normal energy requirement, and therefore normal energy intake, depends mainly on age, sex and physical activity level (PAL). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has compiled a detailed report on human energy requirements. [13] An older but commonly used and fairly accurate method is the Harris-Benedict equation.
A balancing authority (BA) is an entity in the US electric system (as well as in parts of Canada and Mexico) that is responsible for grid balancing: resource planning and unit commitment ahead of time, maintenance of the load-interchange-generation balance within a balancing authority area (also known as a control area) and support for real-time load-frequency control. [1]
The stored potential energy is later converted to electricity that is added to the power grid, even when the original energy source is not available. Grid balancing ensures that electricity consumption matches electricity production of an electrical grid at any moment. [1]
In passive balancing, energy is drawn from the most charged cell and dissipated as heat, usually through resistors. Passive balancing equalizes the state of charge at some fixed point—usually either "top balanced", with all cells reaching 100% SOC at the same time; or "bottom balanced", with all cells reaching minimum SOC at the same time.
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In electric grid power generators, curtailment is the deliberate reduction in output below what could have been produced in order to balance energy supply and demand or due to transmission constraints. [1] [2] [3] The definition is not strict, and several types of curtailment exist. "Economic dispatch" (low market price) is the most common. [4]