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High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) (as opposed to diagnostic ultrasound) is an experimental technique which uses high-powered ultrasound waves to destroy tumor tissue. A systematic review assessed 12 articles involving a total of 318 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with Yttrium -90 radioembolization. [ 84 ]
Obstruction also causes centrilobular necrosis and peripheral lobule fatty change due to ischemia. If this condition persists chronically what is known as nutmeg liver will develop. Kidney failure may occur, perhaps due to the body sensing an "underfill" state and subsequent activation of the renin - angiotensin pathways and excess sodium ...
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver cancer, and the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis. [151] Screening using an ultrasound with or without cancer markers such as alpha-fetoprotein can detect this cancer and is often carried out for early signs which has been shown to improve outcomes. [2] [152]
Most recent epidemiological data suggests that liver cancer is in the Top 10 for both prevalence and mortality (noted to be the sixth-leading cause of cancer and fourth most-common cause of death). [43] The Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration found that from 1990 to 2015 the new cases of liver cancer per year increased by 75%. [10]
Approximately 3–10% of individuals with cirrhosis develop a form of liver cancer known as hepatocellular carcinoma. [43] According to Tilg, et al., gut microbiome could very well have an effect, be involved in the pathophysiology, on the various types of liver disease which an individual may encounter. [ 44 ]
MASLD constitutes the third most common risk factor for liver cancer. [130] Cirrhosis is found in only about 50% of people with MASLD and with liver cancer, so liver cancer may occur without cirrhosis being present. [14] MASLD is a precursor of metabolic syndrome, although a bidirectional influence is possible.
The treatment of chronic liver disease depends on the cause. Specific conditions may be treated with medications including corticosteroids , interferon , antivirals , bile acids or other drugs. Supportive therapy for complications of cirrhosis include diuretics , albumin , vitamin K , blood products , antibiotics and nutritional therapy.
Doppler ultrasound of the liver is typically utilized to confirm or suggest the diagnosis. Common findings on liver doppler ultrasound include increased phasicity of portal veins with eventual development of portal flow reversal. The liver is usually enlarged but maintained normal echogenicity. A liver biopsy is required for a definitive diagnosis.