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Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicle's emission. However, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and increased use of each vehicle (an effect known as the Jevons paradox). [3] Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles have been considerably studied. [5]
Vehicle emissions control is the study of reducing the emissions produced by motor vehicles, especially internal combustion engines. The primary emissions studied include hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur oxides.
Lithium-ion batteries, when disposed of in household trash, can present fire hazards in transport and in landfills, resulting in trash fires that can destroy other recyclable materials and create increased carbon dioxide and particulate matter emissions. [73] Vehicle fires cause local pollution. [74]
As the study notes, “Comparing real-world tailpipe particulate mass emissions to tire wear emissions, both in ‘normal’ driving, the latter is actually around 1,850 times greater than the ...
The Clean Air Act of 1963 (CAA) was passed as an extension of the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, encouraging the federal government via the United States Public Health Service under the then-Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) to encourage research and development towards reducing pollution and working with states to establish their own emission reduction programs.
It uses tiers to identify emission standards for cars, trucks and other motor vehicles. [8] In 2014, the EPA published its "Tier 3" standards for these vehicles, which tightened air pollution emission requirements and lowered the sulfur content in gasoline. [9] EPA has separate regulations for small engines, such as groundskeeping equipment.
Air pollution hotspots are areas where air pollution emissions expose individuals to increased negative health effects. [240] They are particularly common in highly populated, urban areas, where there may be a combination of stationary sources (e.g. industrial facilities) and mobile sources (e.g. cars and trucks) of pollution.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates of average passenger car emissions in the United States for April 2000 [3] Component Emission Rate Annual pollution emitted Hydrocarbons 2.80 grams/mile (1.75 g/km) 77.1 pounds (35.0 kg) Carbon monoxide 20.9 grams/mile (13.06 g/km) 575 pounds (261 kg) NO x: 1.39 grams/mile (0.87 g/km)