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A passive voice construction is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. [1] In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. [2]
For example, the sentence The window was broken may have two different meanings and might be ambiguous: The window was broken, i.e. Someone or something broke the window. (action, event) The window was broken, i.e. The window was not intact. (resultant state) The first sentence is an example of the canonical English passive as described above.
Example: The ghetto was ruled by neither German nor Jew; it was ruled by delusion. (from Night , by Elie Wiesel ) In this sentence, Wiesel uses two parallel independent clauses written in the passive voice.
Passive marker is excluded in notional passive because the sentence relies on the hearer's common sense or their knowledge of the world. Thus, this passive voice is expressed implicitly. Furthermore, notional passive sentences can be representing either positive or negative meanings. Here is an example of notional passive:
The sentence is hard to parse because raced can be interpreted as a finite verb or as a passive participle. The reader initially interprets raced as the main verb in the simple past, but when the reader encounters fell , they are forced to re-analyze the sentence, concluding that raced is being used as a passive participle and horse is the ...
These are examples of raising-to-object verbs (the logical subject of the governed infinitive is raised to the position of direct object of the governing verb): That made me laugh. (but passive voice: I was made to laugh; see under to-infinitive below) We let them leave. Let's play Monopoly! I had him look at my car. She bade me approach her ...
Another example is that a construction like it was difficult to follow him is relatively more common in written language than in spoken language, compared to the alternative packaging to follow him was difficult. [10] A final example, again from English, is that the passive voice is relatively more common in writing than in speaking. [11]
Name Definition Example Setting as a form of symbolism or allegory: The setting is both the time and geographic location within a narrative or within a work of fiction; sometimes, storytellers use the setting as a way to represent deeper ideas, reflect characters' emotions, or encourage the audience to make certain connections that add complexity to how the story may be interpreted.
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