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While China and Europe are connected by rail, and while both are mainly 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in), the intervening Central Asia Railways are 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in) gauge. There are discussions about facilitating an eventual linkage of the Chinese and European standard gauge system.
The 4 ft 9 in (1,448 mm) railways were intended to take 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm) gauge vehicles and allow a (second) running tolerance. The Chester and Birkenhead Railway , authorised on 12 July 1837, used 4 ft 9 in ( 1,448 mm ).
Some railways, primarily in the northeast, used standard gauge of 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (1,435 mm); others used gauges ranging from 2 ft (610 mm) to 6 ft (1,829 mm). As a general rule, southern railroads were built to one or another broad gauge, mostly 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ), while northern railroads that were not standard-gauge tended to be narrow-gauge.
Many names, particularly those of British origin, such as O14 and 00-9 combine the name of the scale used with the physical measurement of the gauge, i.e. the 7 mm-to-the-foot scale from standard O gauge with a rail gauge of 14 mm, giving a precise representation of 2 ft (610 mm) prototypes.
Many tramway networks initially built to narrow gauges (750 mm or 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in or 1,000 mm or 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in metre gauge) were converted to broad gauge. As of 2015, only a few out of more than sixty tram systems in Russia are not broad gauge: 1,000 mm in Kaliningrad and Pyatigorsk , 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) in Rostov-on-Don .
Hesston Steam Museum (2 ft (610 mm) gauge lines and dual gauge lines with 2 ft gauge track also present) (all 3 ft (914 mm) gauge trackage is dual-gauged with 2 ft gauge trackage) (separate 14 in (356 mm) gauge railway and separate 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (190.5 mm) gauge railway also present) (operating)
The track gauge adopted by the mainline railways in Ireland is 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in).This unusually broad track gauge is otherwise found only in Australia (where it was introduced by the Irish railway engineer F. W. Sheilds), in the states of Victoria, southern New South Wales (via some extensions of the Victorian rail network) and South Australia, as well as in Brazil.
The foot of an adult European-American male is typically about 15.3% of his height, [10] giving a person of 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) a foot-length of about 268 mm (10.6 in), on average. Archaeologists believe that, in the past, the people of Egypt, India, and Mesopotamia preferred the cubit, while the people of Rome, Greece, and China preferred the foot