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Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors, although in some cases the term sensor is used. [1]
When binding to the signaling molecule, the receptor protein changes in some way and starts the process of transduction, which can occur in a single step or as a series of changes in a sequence of different molecules (called a signal transduction pathway). The molecules that compose these pathways are known as relay molecules.
Principal steps of sensory processing. In physiology, transduction is the translation of arriving stimulus into an action potential by a sensory receptor. It begins when stimulus changes the membrane potential of a sensory receptor. A sensory receptor converts the energy in a stimulus into an electrical signal. [1]
The pathway of electrons is as follows: NADH is oxidized to NAD +, by reducing flavin mononucleotide to FMNH 2 in one two-electron step. FMNH 2 is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH 2 to an Fe–S cluster, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q).
Using the integrin-linked mechanotransduction pathway as an example (being one of the better studied pathways), it has been shown to mediate chondrocyte adhesion to cartilage surfaces, [29] mediate survival signaling [30] and regulate matrix production and degradation. [31]
The conduction of the electrical impulses throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as the P wave. [5] [7] As the electrical activity is spreading throughout the atria, it travels via specialized pathways, known as internodal tracts, from the SA node to the AV node.
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Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling (Cardiac EC coupling) describes the series of events, from the production of an electrical impulse (action potential) to the contraction of muscles in the heart. [1] This process is of vital importance as it allows for the heart to beat in a controlled manner, without the need for conscious input.