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Pattern of the branchial arches. I-IV branchial arches, 1–4 pharyngeal pouches (inside) and/or pharyngeal grooves (outside) a Tuberculum laterale b Tuberculum impar c Foramen cecum d Ductus thyreoglossus e Sinus cervicalis
The first pharyngeal arch, also mandibular arch (corresponding to the first branchial arch of fish), is the first of six pharyngeal arches that develops during the fourth week of development. [10] It is located between the stomodeum and the first pharyngeal groove .
Pharyngeal pouches develop into future parts in face and head. The pouches penetrate the surrounding mesenchyme but do not establish communication with the pharyngeal grooves. They appear simultaneously with the development of the arches. [7] The first pharyngeal pouch is characterized by narrowing at its final segment.
I-IV pharyngeal arches, 1–4 pharyngeal pouches (inside) and/or pharyngeal grooves (outside) a Tuberculum laterale b Tuberculum impar c Foramen cecum d Ductus thyreoglossus e Sinus cervicalis. The pharyngeal apparatus is an embryological structure. [1] [2] It consists of: pharyngeal grooves (from ectoderm) pharyngeal arches (from mesoderm)
The branchial system is typically used for respiration and/or feeding. Many fish have modified posterior gill arches into pharyngeal jaws, often equipped with specialized pharyngeal teeth for handling particular prey items (long, sharp teeth in carnivorous moray eels compared to broad, crushing teeth in durophagous black carp).
The cervical sinus is bounded in front by the second pharyngeal arch (hyoid arch), and behind by the thoracic wall. The second pharyngeal arch (hyoid arch) grows faster than the other pharyngeal arches, so they become covered. It is ultimately obliterated by the fusion of its walls by the 7th week of gestation.
A pharyngeal groove (or branchial groove, or pharyngeal cleft [1]) is made up of ectoderm unlike its counterpart the pharyngeal pouch on the endodermal side. The first pharyngeal groove produces the external auditory meatus (ear canal). [ 2 ]
Originally it was the lower of two cartilages which supported the first branchial arch in early fish. Then it grew longer and stronger, and acquired muscles capable of closing the developing jaw. [1] In early fish and in chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish such as sharks), Meckel's cartilage continued to be the main component of the lower jaw.