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  2. Operating system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

    The operating system provides an interface between an application program and the computer hardware, so that an application program can interact with the hardware only by obeying rules and procedures programmed into the operating system. The operating system is also a set of services which simplify development and execution of application programs.

  3. Kernel (operating system) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)

    An example would be from supervisor mode to protected mode. This is where the operating system performs actions like accessing hardware devices or the memory management unit. Generally the operating system provides a library that sits between the operating system and normal user programs. Usually it is a C library such as Glibc or Windows API ...

  4. Multiprocessor system architecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessor_system...

    Multiprocessor system with a shared memory closely connected to the processors. A symmetric multiprocessing system is a system with centralized shared memory called main memory (MM) operating under a single operating system with two or more homogeneous processors. There are two types of systems: Uniform memory-access (UMA) system; NUMA system

  5. Microkernel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel

    Structure of monolithic and microkernel-based operating systems, respectively. In computer science, a microkernel (often abbreviated as μ-kernel) is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system (OS).

  6. Computer architecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture

    The first documented computer architecture was in the correspondence between Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, describing the analytical engine.While building the computer Z1 in 1936, Konrad Zuse described in two patent applications for his future projects that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data, i.e., the stored-program concept.

  7. Monolithic kernel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel

    Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel-based operating systems. A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture with the entire operating system running in kernel space. The monolithic model differs from other architectures such as the microkernel [1] [2] in that it alone defines a high-level virtual interface ...

  8. Systems architecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_architecture

    Example of a high-level systems architecture for a computer. A system architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and views of a system. [1] An architecture description is a formal description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the structures and behaviors of the system.

  9. Instruction set architecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture

    In computer science, an instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model that generally defines how software controls the CPU in a computer or a family of computers. [1] A device or program that executes instructions described by that ISA, such as a central processing unit (CPU), is called an implementation of that ISA.