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A scalar is an element of a field which is used to define a vector space.In linear algebra, real numbers or generally elements of a field are called scalars and relate to vectors in an associated vector space through the operation of scalar multiplication (defined in the vector space), in which a vector can be multiplied by a scalar in the defined way to produce another vector.
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The space of vectors may be considered a coordinate space where elements are associated with a list of elements from K. The units of the field form a group K × and the scalar-vector multiplication is a group action on the coordinate space by K ×. The zero of the field acts on the coordinate space to collapse it to the zero vector.
Lines in this space are defined to be sets of solutions of equations of the form + + = where not all of , and are zero. Satisfaction of the condition a x + b y + c z = 0 {\displaystyle ax+by+cz=0} depends only on the equivalence class of ( x , y , z ) , {\displaystyle (x,y,z),} so the equation defines a set of points in the projective plane.
In mathematics, a linear form (also known as a linear functional, [1] a one-form, or a covector) is a linear map [nb 1] from a vector space to its field of scalars (often, the real numbers or the complex numbers).
In Cartesian coordinates, the divergence of a continuously differentiable vector field = + + is the scalar-valued function: = = (, , ) (, , ) = + +.. As the name implies, the divergence is a (local) measure of the degree to which vectors in the field diverge.
In differential geometry, a one-form (or covector field) on a differentiable manifold is a differential form of degree one, that is, a smooth section of the cotangent bundle. [1] Equivalently, a one-form on a manifold is a smooth mapping of the total space of the tangent bundle of to whose restriction to each fibre is a linear functional on the ...
Mathematically, a scalar field on a region U is a real or complex-valued function or distribution on U. [1] [2] The region U may be a set in some Euclidean space, Minkowski space, or more generally a subset of a manifold, and it is typical in mathematics to impose further conditions on the field, such that it be continuous or often continuously differentiable to some order.
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