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  2. Base excess - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_excess

    While carbon dioxide defines the respiratory component of acid–base balance, base excess defines the metabolic component. Accordingly, measurement of base excess is defined, under a standardized pressure of carbon dioxide, by titrating back to a standardized blood pH of 7.40. The predominant base contributing to base excess is bicarbonate ...

  3. Respiratory acidosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_acidosis

    Chronic respiratory acidosis: HCO 3 − rises 3.5 mEq/L for each 10 mm Hg rise in PaCO 2. The expected change in pH with respiratory acidosis can be estimated with the following equations: [citation needed] Acute respiratory acidosis: Change in pH = 0.08 X ((40 − PaCO 2)/10) Chronic respiratory acidosis: Change in pH = 0.03 X ((40 − PaCO 2)/10)

  4. Acid–base disorder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid–base_disorder

    An excess of acid is called acidosis or acidemia, while an excess in bases is called alkalosis or alkalemia. The process that causes the imbalance is classified based on the cause of the disturbance (respiratory or metabolic) and the direction of change in pH (acidosis or alkalosis). This yields the following four basic processes:

  5. Acidosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidosis

    One key to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis is that in respiratory acidosis, the CO 2 is increased while the bicarbonate is either normal (uncompensated) or increased (compensated). Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis is present, and a chronic phase is entered with partial buffering of the acidosis through renal ...

  6. Winters's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winters's_formula

    There are four primary acid-base derangements that can occur in the human body - metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis. These are characterized by a serum pH below 7.4 (acidosis) or above 7.4 (alkalosis), and whether the cause is from a metabolic process or respiratory process.

  7. Acid–base homeostasis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid–base_homeostasis

    In medical terminology, the terms acidosis and alkalosis should always be qualified by an adjective to indicate the etiology of the disturbance: respiratory (indicating a change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide), [25] or metabolic (indicating a change in the Base Excess of the ECF). [9]

  8. Arterial blood gas test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas_test

    Base excess: −2 to +2 mmol/L The base excess is used for the assessment of the metabolic component of acid-base disorders, and indicates whether the person has metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Contrasted with the bicarbonate levels, the base excess is a calculated value intended to completely isolate the non-respiratory portion of ...

  9. Kussmaul breathing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kussmaul_breathing

    Base excess is severely negative. The patient feels an urge to breathe deeply, an "air hunger", and it appears almost involuntary. A metabolic acidosis soon produces hyperventilation, but at first it will tend to be rapid and relatively shallow. Kussmaul breathing develops as the acidosis grows more severe.