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Metastatic breast cancer to the lung or pleura causes chronic cough, dyspnea, abnormal chest X-ray, and chest pain. Other nonspecific systemic symptoms of metastatic breast cancer include fatigue, malaise, weight loss, and poor appetite. Sometimes people with metastatic breast cancer do not have any notable changes or symptoms. [8]
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
It is estimated that between 50% and 70% of patients are active participants in the decision-making of breast cancer surgery. [5] [6] The time following a cancer diagnosis may be filled with fear, vulnerability, and a sense of being overwhelmed at the amount of information being provided by physicians as well as accessed on the internet. [7]
Side-Out fundraises mainly through volleyball-related events. Their mission, as it is stated on their website is, "to unite volleyball players and coaches and to have them work toward the common goal of furthering breast cancer awareness, education, and patient services." [1] Side-Out has a board of directors and team of scientific advisers. [2]
Prophylactic surgery (also known as preventive surgery or risk-reducing surgery) is a form of surgery most commonly intended to minimize or eliminate the risk of the patient developing cancer in an organ or gland before development occurs. This can be a life-saving procedure for those at high risk of developing cancer in certain organs.
“We need to be very clear and honest about what we die from, and it’s not ‘complications from breast cancer,’ it is metastatic breast cancer,” says Pam Kohl, a patient advocate.
Nipple reconstruction, specifically nipple-areola complex (NAC) reconstruction, is a procedure commonly done for patients who had part or all of their nipple removed for medical reasons. [1] For example, NAC reconstruction can apply to breast cancer patients who underwent a mastectomy, the surgical removal of a breast.
A lumpectomy is usually recommended to patients whose cancer has been detected early and who do not have enlarged tumors. Although a lumpectomy is used to allow for most of the breast to remain intact, the procedure may result in adverse affects that can include sensitivity and result in scar tissue, pain, and possible disfiguration of the ...
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