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γ-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, GHB, or 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a depressant drug.It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas.
[19] [31] For drugs recently sold on the market, drugs have information pages (monographs) that provide information on any potential interaction between a medication and grapefruit juice. [19] Because there is a growing number of medications that are known to interact with citrus, [ 1 ] patients should consult a pharmacist or physician before ...
Any antiretroviral drug: Black tar heroin: Whoonga, Nyaope [8] Widespread use in South Africa. Whoonga is classically reputed to be a combination of heroin with antiretroviral drugs such as ritonavir and/or efavirenz, often combined with additional drugs such as cannabis or hashish, methamphetamine and/or methaqualone: Any deliriant or diphen ...
Grapefruit and grapefruit juice have been found to interact with numerous drugs, in many cases resulting in adverse effects. [4] This happens in two ways: one is that grapefruit can block an enzyme which metabolizes medication, [5] and if the drug is not metabolized, then the level of the drug in the blood can become too high, leading to an adverse effect. [5]
The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989. The first published report on grapefruit drug interactions was in 1991 in the Lancet entitled "Interactions of Citrus Juices with Felodipine and Nifedipine", and was the first reported food-drug interaction clinically. The effects of grapefruit last ...
Hong Kong SAR: GBL is a dangerous drug controlled under Schedule 1 of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, Cap.134 (with exemption clause at Paragraph 16D). Any person who is found to have in his possession of it not in accordance with this Ordinance can be liable, on conviction upon indictment, a fine of HK$1,000,000 and to imprisonment for 7 years.
The typical concentration of naringin in grapefruit juice is around 400 mg/L. [4] The reported LD50 of naringin in rodents in 2000 mg/kg. [5] Naringin inhibits some drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, which may result in drug-drug interactions. [6]
Each affected drug has either a specific increase of effect or decrease. [25] One whole grapefruit or a glass of 200 ml (7 US fl oz) of grapefruit juice may cause drug overdose toxicity. [23] Typically, drugs that are incompatible with grapefruit are marked as such on the container or package insert. [23] [24]