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The input–process–output model. The input–process–output (IPO) model, or input-process-output pattern, is a widely used approach in systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or other process. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the ...
The term can also be used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are the pieces of hardware used by a human (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are output devices.
Memory-mapped I/O is preferred in IA-32 and x86-64 based architectures because the instructions that perform port-based I/O are limited to one register: EAX, AX, and AL are the only registers that data can be moved into or out of, and either a byte-sized immediate value in the instruction or a value in register DX determines which port is the source or destination port of the transfer.
Another Unix breakthrough was to automatically associate input and output to terminal keyboard and terminal display, respectively, by default [citation needed] — the program (and programmer) did absolutely nothing to establish input and output for a typical input-process-output program (unless it chose a different paradigm).
Programmed input–output (also programmable input/output, programmed input/output, programmed I/O, PIO) is a method of data transmission, via input/output (I/O), between a central processing unit (CPU) and a peripheral device, [1] such as a Parallel ATA storage device. Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program ...
HIPO model (hierarchical input process output model) is a systems analysis design aid and documentation technique from the 1970s, [1] used for representing the modules of a system as a hierarchy and for documenting each module.
HIPO for hierarchical input process output is a popular 1970s systems analysis design aid and documentation technique [17] for representing the modules of a system as a hierarchy and for documenting each module. [18] It was used to develop requirements, construct the design, and support implementation of an expert system to demonstrate ...
Because the data collection and preparation process for the input–output accounts is necessarily labor and computer intensive, input–output tables are often published long after the year in which the data were collected—typically as much as 5–7 years after.