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Melittin is the main compound in bee venom, accounting for the potential lethality of a bee sting, which causes an anaphylactic reaction in some people. [5] At the sites of multiple stings, localized pain, swelling, and skin redness occur, and if bees are swallowed, life-threatening swelling of the throat and respiratory passages may develop.
When the ε-amino group of lysine 4 and the α-amino group of cysteine 1 are acetylated or treated with fluorescamine, toxicity decreases with a factor of respectively 2.5 and 2.8. This is only a small decrease, which indicates that neither the ε-amino group of lysine 4 nor the α-amino group of cysteine 1 is essential for the toxicity of apamin.
Bee stings differ from insect bites, with the venom of stinging insects having considerable chemical variation. The reaction of a person to a bee sting may vary according to the bee species. While bee stinger venom is slightly acidic and causes only mild pain in most people, [1] allergic reactions may occur in people with allergies to venom ...
Bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins and smaller molecules. The main component is melittin , which amounts to 52% of venom peptides [ 2 ] One of the main allergens is phospholipase A 2 , which amounts to 12% and is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids , causing degradation of cell membranes . [ 3 ]
The Van Slyke determination is a chemical test for the determination of amino acids containing a primary amine group. It is named after the biochemist Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1883-1971). [1] One of Van Slyke's first professional achievements was the quantification of amino acids by the Van Slyke determination reaction. [2]
A-fragments form distinct structural domains of approximately 76 amino acids, coded for by a single exon within the complement protein gene. The C3a, C4a and C5a components are referred to as anaphylatoxins: [ 4 ] [ 5 ] they cause smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, histamine release from mast cells, and enhanced vascular permeability. [ 5 ]
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In bacteria, the ammonia is assimilated to amino acids via glutamate and aminotransferases. [2] In plants, the enzyme can work in either direction depending on environment and stress. [3] [4] Transgenic plants expressing microbial GLDHs are improved in tolerance to herbicide, water deficit, and pathogen infections. [5]