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The first theory, now believed to be the correct one, is that the universe started for some unknown reason in a low-entropy state. The second and alternative theory, published in 1896 but attributed in 1895 to Boltzmann's assistant Ignaz Schütz , is the "Boltzmann universe" scenario.
In physics and cosmology, the mathematical universe hypothesis (MUH), also known as the ultimate ensemble theory, is a speculative "theory of everything" (TOE) proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] According to the hypothesis, the universe is a mathematical object in and of itself.
An important parameter in fate of the universe theory is the density parameter, omega (), defined as the average matter density of the universe divided by a critical value of that density. This selects one of three possible geometries depending on whether Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } is equal to, less than, or greater than 1 {\displaystyle 1} .
The universe could undergo a 'catastrophic change' that could alter absolutely everything, quantum machine shows Andrew Griffin Updated February 5, 2025 at 12:17 AM
But on the other hand, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, who was hosting the debate, said that he thinks the likelihood of the universe being a simulation "may be very high." Image: Business Insider
In quantum field theory, a false vacuum [1] is a hypothetical vacuum state that is locally stable but does not occupy the most stable possible ground state. [2] In this condition it is called metastable. It may last for a very long time in this state, but could eventually decay to the more stable one, an event known as false vacuum decay.
Paul Davies, How to build a time machine, 2002, Penguin popular science, ISBN 0-14-100534-3 gives a very brief non-mathematical description of Gott's alternative; the specific setup is not intended by Gott as the best-engineered approach to moving backwards in time, rather, it is a theoretical argument for a non-wormhole means of time travel.
Tim Wetherell's Clockwork Universe sculpture at Questacon, Canberra, Australia (2009). The clockwork universe is a concept which compares the universe to a mechanical clock.It continues ticking along, as a perfect machine, with its gears governed by the laws of physics, making every aspect of the machine predictable.