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Foxing is an age-related process of deterioration that causes spots and browning on old paper documents such as books, postage stamps, old paper money and certificates. The name may be a variant form of the English West country dialect term foust and Scots foze, to become moldy. [1]
The technique of artificially accelerating the deterioration of paper through heat was known by 1899, when it was described by W. Herzberg. [1] Accelerated aging was further refined during the 1920s, with tests using sunlight and elevated temperatures being used to rank the permanence of various papers in the United States and Sweden.
In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, [26] which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the ...
The easiest way is using a known sheet of paper as an exemplar. Using known sheets can produce an exact identification. Next, comparing watermarks with those contained in catalogs or trade listings can yield useful results. Inspecting the surface can also determine age and location by looking for distinct marks from the production process.
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Fill a pie dish halfway with lukewarm water. Soak 1 round of rice paper until pliable and no longer stiff, 15 to 20 seconds. Cut in half with kitchen shears, making 2 semicircles. Place rice paper ...
Image credits: rice_and_toast As Bohushenko explains, this could rise to 3.88 billion tonnes per year by 2050. “The waste sector is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions and ...
Handmade paper generally folds and tears more evenly along the laid lines. The International Association of Hand Papermakers and Paper Artists (IAPMA) is the world-leading association for handmade paper artists. Handmade paper is also prepared in laboratories to study papermaking and in paper mills to check the quality of the production process.