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The mouse HoxA cluster shown here has 11 paralogous genes (2 are missing). [39] Paralogous genes can shape the structure of whole genomes and thus explain genome evolution to a large extent. Examples include the Homeobox genes in animals. These genes not only underwent gene duplications within chromosomes but also whole genome duplications. As ...
Homologous sequences are paralogous if they were created by a duplication event within the genome. For gene duplication events, if a gene in an organism is duplicated, the two copies are paralogous. They can shape the structure of whole genomes and thus explain genome evolution to a large extent. Examples include the Homeobox genes in animals.
An orthologous gene is a gene in different species that evolved from a common ancestor by speciation. Normally orthologous genes retain the same function in the course of evolution. Orthology (language) - the study of the correct use of words.
Paralogous sequences are separated by gene cloning (gene duplication): if a particular gene in the genome is copied, then the copy of the two sequences is paralogous to the original gene. A pair of orthologous sequences is called orthologous pairs (orthologs), a pair of paralogous sequence is called collateral pairs (paralogs).
CNSs shared by paralogous clusters of Hox genes are candidates for expression regulating regions, possibly coordinating the similar expression patterns of these genes. [ 16 ] Comparative genomic studies of the promoter regions of orthologous genes can also detect differences in the presence and relative positioning of transcription factor ...
In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection.
Inparanoid is an algorithm that finds orthologous genes and paralogous genes that arose—most likely by duplication—after some speciation event. Such protein-coding genes are called in-paralogs, as opposed to out-paralogs (which arose prior to a species split). [1]
Genes that are related as a result of a gene duplication event are parologous genes. [93] [94] It is often assumed that the functions of orthologous genes are more similar than those of paralogous genes, although the difference is minimal. [95] [96]