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A proportion is a mathematical statement expressing equality of two ratios. [1] [2]: =: a and d are called extremes, b and c are called means.. Proportion can be written as =, where ratios are expressed as fractions.
Medieval writers used the word proportio ("proportion") to indicate ratio and proportionalitas ("proportionality") for the equality of ratios. [15] Euclid collected the results appearing in the Elements from earlier sources. The Pythagoreans developed a theory of ratio and proportion as applied to numbers. [16]
In mathematics, two sequences of numbers, often experimental data, are proportional or directly proportional if their corresponding elements have a constant ratio. The ratio is called coefficient of proportionality (or proportionality constant) and its reciprocal is known as constant of normalization (or normalizing constant).
Body proportions is the study of artistic anatomy, which attempts to explore the relation of the elements of the human body to each other and to the whole. These ratios are used in depictions of the human figure and may become part of an artistic canon of body proportion within a culture.
The golden ratio was called the extreme and mean ratio by Euclid, [2] and the divine proportion by Luca Pacioli; [3] and also goes by other names. [ b ] Mathematicians have studied the golden ratio's properties since antiquity.
The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height. It is expressed as two numbers separated by a colon, in the format width:height. Common aspect ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.40:1 in cinematography, 4:3 and 16:9 in television, and 3:2 in still photography.
In mathematics, the silver ratio is a geometrical proportion close to 70/29. Its exact value is 1 + √2, the positive solution of the equation x 2 = 2 x + 1. The name silver ratio results from analogy with the golden ratio , the positive solution of the equation x 2 = x + 1.
The scale ratio of a model represents the proportional ratio of a linear dimension of the model to the same feature of the original. Examples include a 3-dimensional scale model of a building or the scale drawings of the elevations or plans of a building. [ 1 ]