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Vitamin B 12 deficiencies have a greater effect on young children, pregnant and elderly people, and are more common in middle and lower-developed countries due to malnutrition. [10] The most common cause of vitamin B 12 deficiency in developed countries is impaired absorption due to a loss of gastric intrinsic factor (IF) which must be bound to ...
This process does not affect absorption of small amounts of B 12 in supplements such as multivitamins, since it is not bound to proteins, as is the B 12 in foods. [128] Some infections such as giardiasis , [ 130 ] and diphyllobothriasis caused by parasites can also cause malabsorption.
Pernicious anemia is a disease where not enough red blood cells are produced due to a deficiency of vitamin B 12. [5] Those affected often have a gradual onset. [5] The most common initial symptoms are feeling tired and weak. [4]
Hydroxocobalamin, also known as vitamin B 12a and hydroxycobalamin, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [1] As a supplement it is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency including pernicious anemia.
Enzymes that require adenosylcobalamin catalyse reactions in which the first step is the cleavage of adenosylcobalamin to form cob(II)alamin and the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical, and thus act as radical generators. In both types of enzymes the B12-binding domain uses a histidine to bind the cobalt atom of cobalamin cofactors.
Albumin, carries thyroid hormones and other hormones, particularly fat soluble ones, fatty acids to the liver, unconjugated bilirubin, many drugs and Ca 2+ Ceruloplasmin, carries copper; Transcortin, carries cortisol, aldosterone and progesterone; Haptoglobin, carries free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes
Gilbert syndrome is a phenotypic effect, mostly associated with increased blood bilirubin levels, but also sometimes characterized by mild jaundice due to increased unconjugated bilirubin, that arises from several different genotypic variants of the gene for the enzyme responsible for changing bilirubin to the conjugated form.
Found in fresh animal products (such as liver), vitamin B 12 attaches haptocorrin, which has a high affinity for its molecular structure. [5] Coupled together vitamin B 12 and haptocorrin create a complex. This haptocorrin–B 12 complex is impervious to the insult of the stomach acid, and passes on via the pylorus to the duodenum.
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