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Theories such as the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Cultivation theory offer insights into how individuals learn from media, how media shapes people’s perceptions of reality, and how media satisfies individuals' needs. Research influences what content is produced, what content is consumed, and how media is used to ...
An indirect effect indicates that an independent variable (e.g., media use) affecting the dependent variables (e.g., outcomes of media use) via one or more intervening (mediating) variables. The conceptualization of indirect media effects urges attention to be paid to those intervening variables to better explain how and why media effects occur.
The HOI model instead made the content produced by news media the dependent variable in research studies, influenced by factors located within the hierarchical framework. From a media sociology perspective, the framework "takes into account the multiple forces that simultaneously impinge on media and suggests how influence at one level may ...
The Media Equation is a general communication theory that claims people tend to assign human characteristics to computers and other media, and treat them as if they were real social actors. [1] The effects of this phenomenon on people experiencing these media are often profound, leading them to behave and to respond to these experiences in ...
Media dependency theory states two specific conditions under which people's media needs, and consequently people's dependency on media and the potential for media effects, are heightened. The first condition of heightened media needs occurs when the number of media and centrality of media functions in a society are high.
Audience theory offers explanations of how people encounter media, how they use it, and how it affects them. Although the concept of an audience predates modern media, [1] most audience theory is concerned with people’s relationship to various forms of media. There is no single theory of audience, but a range of explanatory frameworks.
On a simpler level, McLuhan explains how different media shape the audience's experience differently by creating two subgroups of media: hot media and cold media. [ 10 ] McLuhan also argues that the combination of human senses used to receive a message is a key element that makes one medium different from the others.
The concept of media logic is criticized with the argument that there is not one media logic but many media logics, depending on the context. [29] Andreas Hepp, a leading theorist of the constructivist school of mediatization theory, describes the role of the mass media not as a driving force but as a molding force. This force is not a direct ...