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In organic chemistry, a cross-coupling reaction is a reaction where two different fragments are joined. Cross-couplings are a subset of the more general coupling reactions. Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalysts. One important reaction type is this:
The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction. [1] [2] [3] Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions. [4] [5] Broadly speaking, two types of coupling reactions are recognized:
Coupled mode theory (CMT) is a perturbational approach for analyzing the coupling of vibrational systems (mechanical, optical, electrical, etc.) in space or in time. Coupled mode theory allows a wide range of devices and systems to be modeled as one or more coupled resonators.
The coupling of 2-chlorobenzoic acid and aniline is illustrative: [4] C 6 H 5 NH 2 + ClC 6 H 4 CO 2 H + KOH → C 6 H 5 N(H)−C 6 H 4 CO 2 H + KCl + H 2 O. A typical catalyst is formed from copper(I) iodide and phenanthroline. The reaction is an alternative to the Buchwald–Hartwig amination reaction.
The Hiyama coupling is a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of organosilanes with organic halides used in organic chemistry to form carbon–carbon bonds (C-C bonds). This reaction was discovered in 1988 by Tamejiro Hiyama and Yasuo Hatanaka as a method to form carbon-carbon bonds synthetically with chemo - and regioselectivity . [ 1 ]
The Negishi coupling is a widely employed transition metal catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. The reaction couples organic halides or triflates with organozinc compounds, forming carbon-carbon bonds (C-C) in the process. A palladium (0) species is generally utilized as the catalyst, though nickel is sometimes used.
Many decarboxylative cross coupling reactions involve the breaking of sp 2 C–COOH and sp C–COOH bonds, therefore subsequent studies have attempted to enable cross coupling with sp 3 C carboxylic acids. One such reaction by Shang et al. described a palladium catalyzed cross coupling that enables the formation of functionalized pyridines ...
In classical mechanics, coupling is a connection between two oscillating systems, such as pendulums connected by a spring. The connection affects the oscillatory pattern of both objects. In particle physics, two particles are coupled if they are connected by one of the four fundamental forces.