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Titration with sodium or potassium fluoride yields the exothermic precipitation of an insoluble alumino-fluoride salt. Al 3+ + Na + + 2K + + 6F − ↔ K 2 NaAlF 6 ↓. Because 6 mole of fluoride react with one mole of aluminium, the titration is particularly precise, and a coefficient of variance (CV) of 0.03 has been achieved in the analysis ...
The resulting signals and corresponding spiked silver concentrations are plotted, with concentration on the x-axis and the signal on the y-axis. A regression line is calculated through least squares analysis and the x-intercept of the line is determined by the ratio of the y-intercept and the slope of the regression line. This x-intercept ...
This relationship is useful only if the dissolved salt is known. Sodium chloride, the main salt in sea water, causes a big increase in conductivity with increased concentration. A special patch is applied to the surface to be tested, and a specified volume of deionized water is injected under the patch.
Compared to TAED, which is the predominant bleach activator used in Europe, NOBS is efficient at much lower temperatures. At 20 °C NOBS is 100 times more soluble than TAED in water. [ 5 ] When attacked by the perhydroxyl anion (from hydrogen peroxide), NOBS forms peroxynonanoic acid (a peroxy acid ) and releases the leaving group sodium 4 ...
When diluting a product, one must be aware that the volume of the diluted solution may not be the sum of the volumes of product and water. For example, one ml of 5.25 wt% NaClO bleach added to ten liters of water, will yield a NaClO concentration of about 5.76 mg/L, and 5.48 mg/L of free chlorine. [24]
Powdered TAED is stabilized by granulation with the aid of the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), [10] which are sometimes additionally coated blue or green. . Despite the relatively low solubility of TAED in cool water, (1 g/L at 20 °C), the granulate dissolves rapidly in the washing l
Sodium hypochlorite is still the most important chlorine-based bleach. [10] [11] Its corrosive properties, common availability, and reaction products make it a significant safety risk. In particular, mixing liquid bleach with other cleaning products, such as acids found in limescale-removing products, will release chlorine gas.
In the processing of photographic films, plates or papers, the photographic developer (or just developer) is one or more chemicals that convert the latent image to a visible image. Developing agents achieve this conversion by reducing the silver halides , which are pale-colored, into silver metal, which is black when in the form of fine ...