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Perl, Python (only modern versions) choose the remainder with the same sign as the divisor d. [6] Scheme offer two functions, remainder and modulo – Ada and PL/I have mod and rem, while Fortran has mod and modulo; in each case, the former agrees in sign with the dividend, and the latter with the divisor.
In arithmetic, Euclidean division – or division with remainder – is the process of dividing one integer (the dividend) by another (the divisor), in a way that produces an integer quotient and a natural number remainder strictly smaller than the absolute value of the divisor. A fundamental property is that the quotient and the remainder ...
In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation.. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor.
Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
The process of substituting remainders by formulae involving their predecessors can be continued until the original numbers a and b are reached: r 2 = r 0 − q 2 r 1 r 1 = b − q 1 r 0 r 0 = a − q 0 b. After all the remainders r 0, r 1, etc. have been substituted, the final equation expresses g as a linear sum of a and b, so that g = sa + tb.
However, the b here need not be the remainder in the division of a by m. Rather, a ≡ b (mod m) asserts that a and b have the same remainder when divided by m. That is, a = p m + r, b = q m + r, where 0 ≤ r < m is the common remainder.
To factorize the integer n, Fermat's method entails a search for a single number a, n 1/2 < a < n−1, such that the remainder of a 2 divided by n is a square. But these a are hard to find. The quadratic sieve consists of computing the remainder of a 2 /n for several a, then finding a subset of these whose product is a square. This will yield a ...