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NO x gases are usually produced from the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen during combustion of fuels, such as hydrocarbons, in air; especially at high temperatures, such as in car engines. [1] [2] [3] In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as in large cities, the nitrogen oxides emitted can be a significant source of air pollution.
The emissions specifically include SOx, NOx, ODSs and VOCs [2] and the regulations came into effect in May 2005. [3] [4] Annex VI contains provisions for two sets of emission and fuel quality requirements regarding SOx and PM, or NOx, a global requirement and more stringent controls in special emission control areas (ECA). [5]
Sulfur oxide refers to many types of sulfur and oxygen containing compounds such as SO, SO 2, SO 3, S 7 O 2, S 6 O 2, S 2 O 2, etc. . Sulfur oxide (SO x) refers to one or more of the following:
The term NO x represents several forms of nitrogen oxides such as NO (nitric oxide), NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide) and N 2 O (nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas).In a gasoline engine, NO is the most common form of NO x at around 93%, while NO 2 is around 5% and the rest is N 2 O.
The Junge (empirical) relationship describes the relationship between concentration fluctuations and residence time of a gas in the atmosphere. It can expressed as fc = b/τ r, where fc is the coefficient of variation, τ r is the residence time in years, and b is an empirical constant, which Junge originally gave as 0.14 years. [11]
Learn the difference between a Hispanic, Latino, and Spanish person. Hispanic describes a Spanish-speaking person while Latino is for people from Latin America.
The ideal reaction has an optimal temperature range between 630 and 720 K (357 and 447 °C), but can operate as low as 500 K (227 °C) with longer residence times. The minimum effective temperature depends on the various fuels, gas constituents, and catalyst geometry. Other possible reductants include cyanuric acid and ammonium sulfate. [3]
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