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When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, extension is movement in the posterior direction. [10] Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the arm or leg backward. [ 11 ] Even for other upper extremity joints – elbow and wrist, backward movement results in extension.
They are analogous to the knuckles of the hand, and are consequently known as toe knuckles in common speech. They are condyloid joints , meaning that an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) comes close to a shallow cavity (of the proximal phalanges).
Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement at the radioulnar joint, or of the foot at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] For the forearm, when standing in the anatomical position , pronation will move the palm of the hand from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position without an associated ...
Each movement at a synovial joint results from the contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side of the articulation. The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial joint is determined by its structural type. Movement types are generally paired, with one being the opposite of the other.
A joint, or articulation is the region where adjacent bones contact each other, for example the elbow, shoulder, or costovertebral joint. Terms that refer to joints include: articular process, referring to a projection that contacts an adjacent bone. suture, referring to an articulation between cranial bones.
The rest of the toes each have three phalanx bones (proximal, middle, and distal phalanges), so they have two interphalangeal joints: the proximal interphalangeal joint between the proximal and middle phalanges (abbreviated "PIP joint") and the distal interphalangeal joint between the middle and distal phalanges (abbreviated "DIP joint").
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The proximal phalanx bone of each toe articulates with the metatarsal bone of the foot at the metatarsophalangeal joint. Each toe is surrounded by skin, and present on all five toes is a toenail. The toes are, from medial to lateral: the first toe, also known as the hallux ("big toe", "great toe", "thumb toe"), the innermost toe;