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Sand filter used for water treatment. Sand filters are used as a step in the water treatment process of water purification. There are three main types; rapid (gravity) sand filters, upward flow sand filters and slow sand filters. All three methods are used extensively in the water industry throughout the world.
The contaminants are metabolised by the bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The water produced from an exemplary slow sand filter is of excellent quality with 90–99% bacterial cell count reduction. [10] Typically, in the UK slow sand filters have a bed depth of 0.3 to 0.6 metres comprising 0.2 to 0.4 mm sand. The throughput is 0.25 m/h. [11]
Chemical additives, such as coagulants, are often used in conjunction with the filtration system. [1]: 7–9 The two types of rapid sand filter are the gravity type (e.g. Paterson's filter) and pressure type (e.g. Candy's filter). A disinfection system (typically using chlorine or ozone) is commonly used following filtration.
A biosand filter (BSF) is a point-of-use water treatment system adapted from traditional slow sand filters. Biosand filters remove pathogens and suspended solids from water using biological and physical processes that take place in a sand column covered with a biofilm .
An intermittent slow sand filter was constructed and operated at Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1893 due to continuing typhoid fever epidemics caused by sewage contamination of the water supply. [19] The first continuously operating slow sand filter was designed by Allen Hazen for the city of Albany, New York in 1897. [20]
Slow "artificial" filtration (a variation of bank filtration) into the ground at the Water purification plant Káraný, Czech Republic A profile of layers of gravel, sand and fine sand used in a slow sand filter plant. Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space, as the water flows very slowly through the filters ...
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A media filter is a type of filter that uses a bed of sand, peat, shredded tires, foam, crushed glass, geo-textile fabric, anthracite, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management, oil and gas operations, and other applications.
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