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The plasma half-life is about 35 to 40 hours when carbamazepine is given as single dose, but it is a strong inducer of liver enzymes, and the plasma half-life shortens to about 12 to 17 hours when it is given repeatedly. The half-life can be further shortened to 9–10 hours by other enzyme inducers such as phenytoin or phenobarbital. About 70% ...
A derivative of carbamazepine that has similar efficacy and is better tolerated and is also available generically. Eslicarbazepine acetate (2009). Photoswitchable analogues of carbamazepine (2024) are research compounds developed to control its pharmacological activity locally and on demand using light, with the purpose to reduce adverse ...
Esketamine (Spravato) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions [13] Gepirone (Exxua) – 5-HT 1A receptor partial agonist and α 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist; Opipramol (Insidon) — σ 1 receptor agonist, other actions; Tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil, Tianeurax) – weak and atypical μ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions
In the United States, cenobamate is indicated for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults. [3]In the European Union, it is indicated for the adjunctive treatment of focal-onset seizures with or without secondary generalization in adults with epilepsy who have not been adequately controlled despite a history of treatment with at least two anti-epileptic medications.
Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), sold under the brand names Aptiom and Zebinix among others, is an anticonvulsant medication approved for use in Europe and the United States as monotherapy or as additional therapy for partial-onset seizures epilepsy. [6] [4] [3] Similarly to oxcarbazepine, ESL behaves as a prodrug to (S)-(+)-licarbazepine. [7]
Other side effects include vision loss and dizziness. [3] It is a recommended treatment in pregnancy and appears to be safe for the baby. [4] [5] The World Health Organization; however, recommends waiting until after pregnancy for treatment when feasible. [2] It is made from 4-methyl-piperazine. [6]
CYP3A4 increases to approximately 40% of adult levels in the fourth month of life and 72% at 12 months. [13] [14] Although CYP3A4 is predominantly found in the liver, it is also present in other organs and tissues of the body, where it may play an important role in metabolism. CP3A4 is the major CYP enzyme in the intestine. [15]
Schaffer et al. 1999 reported that one of their treatment failures, a 45-year-old woman taking 50 mg a day along with lithium 600 mg/day, clozapine 12.5 mg/day, trazodone 50 mg/day, and alprazolam 4 mg/day for three and a half months experienced auditory hallucinations that led to discontinuation of primidone. [44]
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