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Small chondrophytes or osteophytes at margins IV Horizontal clefts parallel to endplate: Focal disruptions: Fibrocartilage extending from subchondral bone; irregularity and focal sclerosis in subchondral bone: Osteophytes smaller than 2 mm V Clefts extended through nucleus and annulus: Diffuse sclerosis: Osteophytes greater than 2 mm
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of the joints characterized largely by central loss of cartilage and compensatory peripheral bone formation (osteophytes). Cameron and Macnab determined that "corrosive wear and abrasive wear play a part in producing eburnation. [3]
X-ray showing osteophytes of spondylosis of the lumbar spine. A range of bone-formation processes are associated with aging, degeneration, mechanical instability, and disease (such as diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis). Osteophyte formation has classically been related to sequential and consequential changes in such processes.
Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone.
The typical changes seen on X-ray include: joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis (increased bone formation around the joint), subchondral cyst formation, and osteophytes. [54] Plain films may not correlate with the findings on physical examination or with the degree of pain. [55]
Associated radiological findings include a vacuum phenomenon (in the nucleus pulposis of the adjacent intervertebral disc), reduction of disc height with corresponding loss of the disc space, marginal sclerosis of the adjacent vertebral bodies, osteophyte formation and apophyseal joint instability. With a retrolisthesis there is always a less ...
Degenerative process of spondylosis such as disc bulging, osteophyte formation, and hypertrophy of the superior articular process all contributes to the narrowing of the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen, leading to compression of these spinal nerves that results in radiculopathy-related symptoms. [6]
Imaging is crucial to the spondyloarthritis diagnosis process. The most distinctive radiographic observation is the sacroiliac (SI) joints' erosion, ankylosis, and sclerosis. [27] There must be clear evidence of sacroiliitis (at least grade 2 bilaterally or grade 3 unilaterally) on the radiographs in order to diagnose ankylosing spondylitis.