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  2. Soul cake - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_cake

    Soul cakes eaten during Halloween, All Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day. A soul cake, also known as a soulmass-cake, is a small round cake with sweet spices, which resembles a shortbread biscuit. It is traditionally made for Halloween, All Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day to commemorate the dead in many Christian traditions.

  3. History of bread - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_bread

    In the Deipnosophistae, the author Athenaeus (c. 170 – c. 230 AD) describes some of the bread, cakes, and pastries available in the Classical world. [20] Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes, honey-and-oil bread, mushroom-shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds, and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit.

  4. Death and immortality in Middle-earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in...

    The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey comments that "the themes of the Escape from Death, and the Escape from Deathlessness, are vital parts of Tolkien's entire mythology." [8] In a 1968 BBC television broadcast, Tolkien quoted French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir and described the inevitability of death as the "key-spring of The Lord of the Rings ...

  5. History of Arda - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arda

    Tolkien meant Arda to be "our own green and solid Earth", seen here in the Baltistan mountains, "at some quite remote epoch in the past". [1]In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, the history of Arda, also called the history of Middle-earth, [a] began when the Ainur entered Arda, following the creation events in the Ainulindalë and long ages of labour throughout Eä, the fictional universe.

  6. Timeline of cosmological theories - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological...

    c. 16th century BCE – Mesopotamian cosmology has a flat, circular Earth enclosed in a cosmic ocean. [1]c. 15th–11th century BCE – The Rigveda of Hinduism has some cosmological hymns, particularly in the late book 10, notably the Nasadiya Sukta which describes the origin of the universe, originating from the monistic Hiranyagarbha or "Golden Egg".

  7. Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien's...

    [T 4] When Melkor destroyed the lamps, two vast inland seas (Helcar and Ringil) and two major seas (Belegaer and the Eastern Sea) were formed, but Almaren and its lake were destroyed. [T 16] The Valar left Middle-earth, and went to the newly formed continent of Aman in the west, where they created their home called Valinor. To discourage Melkor ...

  8. Creatio ex nihilo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo

    Creatio ex nihilo is the doctrine that all matter was created out of nothing by God in an initial or a beginning moment where the cosmos came into existence. [13] [14] It has been suggested that ex nihilo creation can also be found in creation stories from ancient Egypt (the Memphite Theology), [15] the Rig Veda (X:129, also known as Nasadiya Sukta), [16] and many animistic cultures in Africa ...

  9. Ainur in Middle-earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth

    The Maiar were more numerous than the Valar, but less powerful individually. Among the good were the Istari or Wizards, sent to Middle-earth. [T 3] Among the evil were the Balrogs or fire-demons, who were some of the Dark Lord Morgoth's most powerful servants, [T 4] and Sauron, the Dark Lord of the Third Age, a Maia who had been corrupted by ...