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The name refers to the two types of symptoms in schizophrenia, as defined by the American Psychiatric Association: positive symptoms, which refer to an excess or distortion of normal functions (e.g., hallucinations and delusions), and negative symptoms, which represent a diminution or loss of normal functions. Some of these functions which may ...
Positive symptoms tend to lessen with age, but negative symptoms and cognitive impairments continue to worsen. [22] [23] [24] Older adults with schizophrenia are prone to extrapyramidal side effects, anticholinergic toxicity, and sedation due to increased body fat, decreased total body water, and decreased muscle mass.
Symptoms are described in terms of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. [3] [35] The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the same for any psychosis and are sometimes referred to as psychotic symptoms. These may be present in any of the different psychoses and are often transient, making early diagnosis of schizophrenia problematic.
For example, a person with schizophrenia might remark that another person has removed their thoughts from their brain. [6] When evaluating a patient for schizophrenia, a physician may look for thought blocking. [7] In schizophrenia, patients experience two types of symptoms: positive and negative.
Schizophrenia is diagnosed 1.4 times more frequently in males than females, with onset peaking at ages 20–28 years for males and 4–10 years later in females. [24] Females show more psychotic and affective symptoms than males, and have less social impairment. Men present more often with negative symptoms and disorganization. [2]
Symptoms of schizophrenia simplex include an absence of will, impoverished thinking and flattening of affect. There is a gradual deterioration of functioning with increased amotivation and reduced socialization. [6] [7] It is considered to be rarely diagnosed and is a schizophrenia without psychotic symptoms. [8]
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