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Side effects may include irritation of the vein in which it is given, high blood sugar, and swelling. [2] [3] Excess use may result in low blood sodium and other electrolyte problems. [2] Intravenous sugar solutions are in the crystalloid family of medications. [4] They come in a number of strengths including 5%, 10%, and 50% dextrose. [2]
Both dose and dose rate contribute to the severity of acute radiation syndrome. The effects of dose fractionation or rest periods before repeated exposure also shift the LD50 dose upwards. Comparison of Radiation Doses – includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the RAD on the MSL (2011–2013). [22] [23] [24] [25]
Absorbed dose is a dose quantity which is the measure of the energy deposited in matter by ionizing radiation per unit mass.Absorbed dose is used in the calculation of dose uptake in living tissue in both radiation protection (reduction of harmful effects), and radiology (potential beneficial effects, for example in cancer treatment).
Side effects are dose-dependent; for example, higher doses of head and neck radiation can be associated with cardiovascular complications, thyroid dysfunction, and pituitary axis dysfunction. [15] Modern radiation therapy aims to reduce side effects to a minimum and to help the patient understand and deal with side effects that are unavoidable.
Dextrose 25% and 50% are heavily necrotic due to their hyperosmolarity, and should only be given through a patent IV line – any infiltration can cause massive tissue necrosis. It is MUCH safer to use a Dextrose 10% solution when treating hypoglycemia via IV in children under the age of 14.
The therapeutic ratio in radiotherapy for cancer treatment is determined by the maximum radiation dose for killing cancer cells and the minimum radiation dose causing acute or late morbidity in cells of normal tissues. [13] Both of these parameters have sigmoidal dose–response curves. Thus, a favorable outcome in dose–response for tumor ...
Since different radiation types have different biological effects for the same deposited energy, a corrective radiation weighting factor W R, which is dependent on the radiation type and on the target tissue, is applied to convert the absorbed dose measured in the unit gray to determine the equivalent dose. The result is given the unit sievert.
The gray is conventionally used to express the severity of what are known as "tissue effects" from doses received in acute exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation. These are effects that are certain to happen, as opposed to the uncertain effects of low levels of radiation that have a probability of causing damage. A whole-body acute ...