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  2. The update identified 120 new statutory provisions involving marital status, and 31 statutory provisions involving marital status repealed or amended in such a way as to eliminate marital status as a factor. The first legally-recognized same-sex marriage occurred in Minneapolis, [3] Minnesota, in 1971. [4] On June 26, 2015, in the case of ...

  3. Calculus of voting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_voting

    A political science model based on rational choice used to explain why citizens do or do not vote. The alternative equation is V = pB + D > C. Where for voting to occur the (P)robability the vote will matter "times" the (B)enefit of one candidate winning over another combined with the feeling of civic (D)uty, must be greater than the (C)ost of ...

  4. Social choice theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory

    A social choice function, sometimes called a voting system in the context of politics, is a rule that takes an individual's complete and transitive preferences over a set of outcomes and returns a single chosen outcome (or a set of tied outcomes). We can think of this subset as the winners of an election, and compare different social choice ...

  5. Conflict of marriage laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_marriage_laws

    Conflict of marriage laws is the conflict of laws with respect to marriage in different jurisdictions. When marriage-related issues arise between couples with diverse backgrounds, questions as to which legal systems and norms should be applied to the relationship naturally follow with various potentially applicable systems frequently conflicting with one another.

  6. Decision theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory

    The mythological judgement of Paris required selecting from three incomparable alternatives (the goddesses shown).. Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses the tools of expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty.

  7. Paradox of voting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_voting

    The paradox of voting, also called Downs' paradox, is that for a rational and egoistic voter (Homo economicus), the costs of voting will normally exceed the expected benefits. Because the chance of exercising the pivotal vote is minuscule compared to any realistic estimate of the private individual benefits of the different possible outcomes ...

  8. Planned Parenthood v. Casey - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey

    Justice Stevens joined the plurality's preservation of Roe and rejection of the spousal notification law, but under his interpretation of the undue burden standard ("[a] burden may be 'undue' either because the burden is too severe or because it lacks a legitimate rational justification"), he would have found the information requirements in ...

  9. Public choice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_choice

    For example, from the viewpoint of rational choice theory, the expected gains of voting depend on (1) the benefit to the voter if their candidate wins and (2) the probability that one's vote will determine the election's outcome. [38] Even in a tight election the probability that one's vote decides the outcome is estimated at effectively zero. [40]